RightAnswer Knowledge Solutions Search Results for 50-18-0

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• CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

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• CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

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CCRIS Documents

• CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

DART Documents

• [An experimental study on teratogenicity of cyclophosphamide using whole embryo culture]
• [Diseases also during pregnancy are to be treated!]
• [Effects of Butylated Hydroxyanisole on Glutathione S-Transferases Activity and Cyclophosphamide-Induced Teratogenicity in Rats]

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• [Experimental study on rats' neural tube defects caused by cyclophosphamide and its mechanism]
• [Hemopoietotoxicity in pregnant mice and their embryos induced by free radicals derived from sodium artesunate]
• [Protective effect of soybean isoflavones coordinated with folic acid on rats neural tube defects]
• [Study on Effect of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Analogues in Preventing chemotherapy-induced Ovarian Damage]
• [Teratogenic study of cyclophosphamide in mice using whole embryo culture]
• [The study on teratogenicity of cyclophosphamide and morphological teratogenesis mechanism of neural tube defects]
• A collaborative study in Japan on optimal treatment period and parameters for detection of male fertility disorders induced by drugs in rats.
• A model combining the whole embryo culture with human liver S-9 fraction for human teratogenic prediction.
• A new in vitro screening method for teratogens using human embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells.
• A new organ culture technique of fetal mouse palates and its usefulness in developmental toxicology.
• Activation of caspase-9 in day 9 mouse embryos exposed in vitro to hyperthermia, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, and staurosporine.
• Adverse effects of environmental chemicals on the outcome of human pregnancy.
• Alteration of HNF-3beta expression in cyclopamine-treated golden hamster fetuses.
• Amphibian embryo culture in-vitro: an embryotoxicity assay with Ambystoma mexicanum as alternative for the investigation of teratogens.
• An increased sensitivity of TNFalpha-/- embryos to cyclophosphamide.
• Anomalies of cartilaginous and ossified axial skeleton in rat fetuses treated with cyclophosphamide: type, frequency, and stage specificity.
• Antenatal visualization of malformations associated with drugs and chemicals.
• Apoptotic signaling pathways in teratogenesis.
• Apoptotic signaling pathways.
• Assessment of unossified and ossified axial skeleton in rat fetuses treated with cyclophosphamide (in utero).
• Assessment of unossified and ossified skeleton to detect prenatal exposure to cyclophosphamide in rats: stage specificity on the induction of skeletal abnormalities.
• Benzene-induced micronuclei formation in mouse fetal liver blood, peripheral blood, and maternal bone marrow cells.
• Bioactivation of cyclophosphamide in an in vitro post-implantation rat- embryo/hepatocytes co-culture, using maternal hepatocytes in suspension.
• Bioactivation of cyclophosphamide in an in vitro postimplantation rat-embryo/hepatocytes co-culture, using maternal hepatocytes in suspension.
• Biologic markers in reproductive toxicology.
• Biotransformation in post-implantation rat embryo culture using maternal hepatocytes in suspension coculture.
• Breast cancer, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.
• Brine shrimp gene expression model for investigation of teratogenic agents.
• Caspase activation in the cell death induced in murine limb buds exposed in vitro to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4OOH-CPA), a preactivated analog of cyclosphophamide.
• Caspase-3 enzyme activity as a marker for teratogen-induced apoptosis in day 9 mouse embryos and associated yolk sacs: evidence for yolk sac resistance to teratogen-induced apoptosis.
• Changes in Gene Expression in Teratogen Exposed Mouse Limb Buds: Effects of 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4OOH-CPA) and Vitamin A.
• Chick embryo - an optimal model for simultaneous genotoxic and embryotoxic effects analysis.
• Combination of the embryonic stem cell test and genetically engineered V79 cells as a metabolic activation system in order to detect the embryotoxic potential of cyclophosphamide.
• Comparison of fetal morphological exam and single cell gel electrophoresis as indicators of developmental toxicity in mouse embryos exposed in utero to cyclophosphamide.
• Compound-specific patterns of cell death and cell cycle perturbation in the etiology of murine limb malformations.
• Congenital anomalies in the offspring of female patients treated with chemotherapy for childhood cancer.
• Cyclophosphamide (CPA) as a model drug for studies of male-mediated effects on development.
• Cyclophosphamide induced variations of eye-malformations following short-term pairing.
• Cyclophosphamide-induced changes in the biochemical parameters of maternal plasma and amniotic fluid of rat.
• Cytogenetical and teratological effects of D-penicillamine after maternal treatment in mouse preimplantation period.
• Cytostatics in male rat: effects in offspring and protection by initial hormonal treatment.
• Cytoxan embryopathy: a distinct phenotype.
• Detection of DNA damage from CPA, DMBA and MMS in rat sperm using the comet assay.
• Deuterium-labeled analogs as probes for the study of cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics, teratogenesis, and mutagenesis.
• Development of the chick embryonic skeleton following the intra-amniotic injection of cyclophosphamide.
• Developmental immunotoxicology.
• Developmental malformations of the eye by cyclophosphamide.
• Developmental toxicant-induced cell death and the Bcl-2 gene family in early postimplantation mouse embryos.
• Developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in rabbits.
• Developmental toxicity of 2-chlorodibenzofuran in cultured post-implantation rat embryos.
• Developmental toxicity of anticancer agents.
• Differential expression of cell checkpoint regulator/DNA damage sensor genes during rat embryo organogenesis in vivo and in vitro.
• Differential expression of genes for growth factors and their receptors in the rat preimplantation embryo following paternal exposure to cyclophosphamide (CPA).
• Does exencephaly lead to anencephaly? -- an experimental study.
• Does mesna prevent the embryotoxic manifestations of cyclophosphamide?
• Drosophila melanogaster embryo cultures: an in vitro teratogen assay.
• Drugs to avoid in pregnancy.
• Early embryonic sensitivity to cyclophosphamide in long-tailed monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).
• Effect of 4-OOH cyclophosphamide (4-OOH-CP) and 4-OOH-dechlorocyclophosphamide (4-OOH-deClCP) on the cell cycle of postimplantation rat embryos.
• Effect of cyclophosphamide on mouse oocyte in vitro fertilization and cleavage: recovery.
• Effect of green tea and licorice extracts on cyclophosphamide teratogenicity.
• Effect of reproductive toxicants on the gene expression in the testes of rats.
• Effect of reproductive toxicants on the protein expression in the rat testis.
• Effects of cyclophosphamide administration on different fertility evaluation tests in male rats.
• Effects of enzyme inducers and glutathione (GSH) on the embryotoxicity of cyclophosphamide (CP) in cultured rat embryos.
• Effects of low-dose prenatal irradiation on the central nervous system--report of a workshop.
• Embryo-foetal damage and chemical substances: working party report.
• Environmental toxins and recurrent pregnancy loss.
• Evaluation of a fish embryo-larval development assay using six compounds recommended for in vitro teratogenesis test validation.
• Evaluation of the V79 cell metabolic co-operation assay as a screen in vitro for developmental toxicants.
• Evidence for a mitochondrial cell death pathway activated by the selected teratogens, hyperthermia, cyclophosphamide, and staurosporine.
• Experimental model of congenital hydrocephalus induced by transplacental infection of mumps virus.
• Exposure of male rats to cyclophosphamide (CPA) changes cell-cell contacts in pre-implantation embryos.
• Exposure of Murine Limbs In Vitro to 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-OOHCPA) Increased Immunoreactive P53 and BAX.
• Exposure to cyclophosphamide alters gene expression in organogenesis stage mouse limb buds.
• Frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus: a nonmammalian method for developmental toxicity assessment.
• Functional changes in the offspring of rats treated with cyclophosphamide after termination of the critical morphogenetic period.
• Further development and validation of the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay--Xenopus (FETAX), phase III.
• Further evaluation of a teratogenicity screen using an intravitelline injection technique.
• Gestational trophoblastic tumours -- a pilot trial with Charing Cross chemotherapy protocol.
• How does the conceptus respond to genotoxic stress?
• Hyperthermia and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide-induced changes in gene expression in day 9 mouse embryos: analysis using cDNA microarrays.
• Immune makeup of the teratogenic response: implications for teratological screening.
• In vitro evaluation of teratogenicity of chemicals using the postimplantation embryo culture system.
• In vitro micromass teratogen test: interpretation of results from a blind trial of 25 compounds using three separate criteria.
• In vitro micromass teratogen test: results from a blind trial of 25 compounds.
• In vitro teratogenicity of phenytoin and cyclophosphamide in murine embryos co-cultured with maternal hepatocytes.
• In vitro teratogenicity testing using the rat embryo culture system (3) effects of cyclophosphamide on rat embryonic development in vitro and in vivo.
• In vitro teratogenicity testing using the rat embryo culture system: (4) Comparative study of embryotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in vitro and in vivo.
• Incorporation of an isolated and reconstituted cytochrome P-450 complex in an organ culture system.
• Increased cell death in rat embryos induced by in vitro exposure to N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and cyclophosphamide.
• Increased levels of 3 pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 genes, NOXA, PUMA, and DP5, in day 9 mouse embryos exposed to hyperthermia (HS) or 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-CP).
• Induction of micronuclei and external malformations in mouse embryos with cyclophosphamide.
• Induction of skeletal anomalies after completed organogenesis in Wistar rats.
• Intravitelline injection of cultured rat embryos: an improved method for the identification of cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic teratogens.
• Intravitelline injection of rodent conceptuses: an improved in vitro developmental toxicity screen.
• Limitations of the flow cytometric assay for detecting apoptotic nuclei.
• Lupus and pregnancy.
• Male-mediated teratogenesis: fact or fiction?
• Metabolism of teratogens by mammalian embryos: an in vitro investigation.
• Modulation of embryo sensitivity to teratogen by nonspecific intrauterine immunopotentiation.
• Morphologic and immunologic effects in the rat of prenatal exposure to cyclophosphamide.
• Normal pregnancy after successful multiagent chemotherapy for choriocarcinoma with cerebral metastases.
• OECD combined repeat dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test: familiarization using cyclophosphamide.
• P53 genotype determines the type of cell death induced by in vitro exposure of murine limbs to an activated analog of cyclophosphamide.
• Pathogenesis of cranioschisis and exencephaly induced after neural tube closure: an SEM study.
• Pattern of malformation secondary to prenatal exposure to cyclophosphamide.
• Pattern of malformation secondary to prenatal exposure to cyclophosphamide.
• Phenotypic overlap of the Townes-Brock syndrome and prenatal exposure to cyclophosphamide.
• Placental transfer of drugs and fetal risks.
• Potentiation of teratogenicity.
• Pre- and postimplantation embryotoxicity induced by anticancer drugs in pregnant rats: cyclophosphamide and cis-platinum.
• Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus in Bangladesh.
• Preliminary studies on the use of the in vitro rat micromass assay-results with some model teratogens.
• Prior Exposure to Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C) Decreases the Incidence of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Limb and Tail Malformations in Mice.
• Rabbit whole embryo culture technique and its usefulness in developmental toxicology.
• Role of aldehyde dehydrogenase in detoxification of cyclophosphamide (CP) in postimplantation rat embryos.
• Role of p53 and p53-dependent apoptosis in the limb malformations induced by in vitro exposure to an activated analog of cyclophosphamide (CPA).
• Role of p53 in regulating teratogen-induced apoptosis in day 9 mouse embryos.
• Role of the cell cycle in cyclophosphamide (CP) induced teratogenesis.
• Sex difference in aroclor 1254 induction of rat hepatocytes: consequences for in vitro embryotoxicity and mutagenicity of cyclophosphamide.
• Synergistic interactions in teratology.
• Targeting the Male Genome—Consequences to the Progeny.
• Teratogen-induced activation of caspase-6 and caspase-7 in day 9 mouse embryos.
• Teratogen-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in postimplantation murine embryos.
• Teratogen-induced activation of p53 in early postimplantation mouse embryos.
• Teratogen-Induced Activation of p53 Signaling Pathways in Day 9 Mouse Embryos.
• Teratogenesis and pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide after drug infusion as compared to injection in the mouse during day 10 of gestation.
• Teratogenic drugs inhibit the differentiation of fetal rat limb buds grafted in athymic (nude) mice.
• Teratogenicity study of ethylenethiourea with cultured rat embryos.
• Teratologic susceptibility: The role of the classical NF-kappaB pathway.
• Teratology evaluation of Biomodulina-T in rats.
• The cause and prevention of human birth defects: what have we learned in the past 50 years?
• The effects of cyclophosphamide (CPA) on the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) in rat ovaries.
• The human teratogenic effect of cyclophosphamide.
• The lack of mutagenicity of aryl 4-guanidinobenzoates in the transplacental micronucleus assay in mice.
• The preimplantation mouse embryo: its use in the study of birth defects.
• The role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in the selective targeting of cyclophosphamide to avian embryonic B-lymphocytes.
• The Role Of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1 Alpha) In Mouse Limbs Exposed To 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide In Vitro.
• The role of pharmacoepidemiology in pharmacovigilance: rational drug use in pregnancy.
• The short-term reproductive toxicity of cyclophosphamide in the female rat.
• The stem-cell test -- a novel in vitro assay for teratogenic potential.
• The stem-cell test: an in vitro assay for teratogenic potential. Results of a blind trial with 25 compounds.
• The Stress Response In Gametes And Embryos After Paternal Chemical Exposures.
• The study of potency of rat whole embryo culture for teratogens.
• Toxicological approach for predicting embryotoxicity using mouse embryonic stem cells.
• Use of a GnRH Antagonist in Preserving Ovarian Fertility during Chemotherapy.
• Use Of Ivos Automatized Sperm Analysis For Detecting Subtle Spermatozoa Changes In Rabbits During Cyclophosphamide- Induced Toxicity.
• Using rat hepatocytes, uninduced and induced rat S-9, and human S-9 for metabolic activation in the fetal mouse salivary gland culture system.

ECOTOX Documents

• N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-amine 2-oxide

Fisher MSDS

• 2-Bromo-1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl)-1-ethanone
• Cyclophosphamide monohydrate
• Cyclophosphamide monohydrate (in French)

GENE-TOX Documents

• CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

HSDB® Data Bank

• CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

LOLI® Listings

• Cyclophosphamide ( 50-18-0)
• Cyclophosphamide ( 60007-95-6)

REPROTOX® Documents

• CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

RTECS® Registry

• 2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorin-2-amine, N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-, 2-oxide, (+-)-
• 2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorine, 2-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)tetrahydro-, 2-oxide

Shepard's Catalog

• Cyclophosphamide and Related Analogues

MSDSonline®

(31) English MSDSs - (click to search other languages)

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Example Content from MEDITEXT for 50-18-0:

ACUTE EXPOSURE INFORMATION

1. USES: Cyclophosphamide is used orally and intravenously as an antineoplastic agent for many types of malignancies (ie, lymphomas, leukemias, multiple myeloma, mycosis fungoides, pediatric CNS tumors, ovarian and breast cancer) and as an antirheumatic drug for a variety of conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

2. PHARMACOLOGY: Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent that prevents cell division by cross-linking DNA strands and thus decreasing DNA synthesis. It is a prodrug that is metabolized in the liver and has active metabolites.

3. TOXICOLOGY: After overdose, the effects of decreased DNA synthesis and cell death are noticed primarily in organ systems with rapidly dividing cells (bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract).

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Acute cyclophosphamide poisoning is rare. The incidence of cyclophosphamide toxicity during therapeutic use varies depending on the dosage and the length of duration of therapy and sequential or concurrent use of other cytotoxic drugs, and some toxic effects (ie, cystitis) are far more common than pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis.

5. WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
   1. COMMON: The most common effects observed include alopecia, which usually starts 3 weeks after therapy, effects on fertility (ie, irreversible sterility, amenorrhea), gastrointestinal effects (ie, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, mucositis, stomatitis), a potentially fatal acute hemorrhagic cystitis (in up to 40% of patients), and myelosuppression. Less common effects in patients include facial flushing, headache, skin rashes, SIADH, and renal tubular necrosis.
   2. RARE: Rare but life-threatening side effects include cardiac effects (ie, congestive heart failure, cardiac necrosis, and hemorrhagic myocarditis), pulmonary effects (ie, interstitial pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis), anaphylactic reactions, hepatotoxicity, electrolyte imbalances, renal injury, secondary malignancy, and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
   3. Cyclophosphamide is teratogenic (FDA pregnancy category D) and long-term use is associated with an increased risk of a variety of malignancies.

6. WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
   1. Overdose reports are limited. Severe left ventricular dysfunction, pleural and pericardial effusion, and myelosuppression have been reported. An extension of adverse effects (ie, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, hemorrhagic cystitis) should be expected.