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• [A study on influenced between blood lead of newlywed and babies -- young children with low level lead exposure in Shenyang]
• [Cohort study on effects of antenatal and postnatal lead exposure on infants developmental quotient]
• [Dynamic study on blood lead levels of pregnant women and its effect on fetus in Hubei]

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• [Effect of lead exposure on pregnancy outcome of exposed worker's wife]
• [Effect of prenatal lead exposure on offspring's learning ability and prevention]
• [Effect of various doses of selenium on lead-intoxicated placenta of pregnant rat]
• [Effect on Bcl-2, Fas protein expression in hippocampus of rat offsprings exposed to lead]
• [Effects of antenatal and postnatal lead exposure on infants physical development]
• [Effects of lead exposure during rat pregnancy on its descendant's learning, memory and nerve growth factor]
• [Effects of lead on proliferation of hematopoietic: cells in umbilical cord blood]
• [Effects of low-level lead exposure during pregnancy on auditory development in infants]
• [Effects of perinatal lead intervention on development of newborn's nervous behavior]
• [Effects of prenatal administration of low-concentrations of lead on newborn rats]
• [Effects of prenatal exposure to lead on the function of central nervous system of newborn monkeys]
• [Effects of prenatal exposure to low level lead on hippocampal GFAP expression of rats' offspring]
• [Effects of taurine on development of rats exposed to low-level lead]
• [Hepatic and renal alterations in newborn rats induced by prenatal and early lactational exposure to lead and/or cadmium]
• [Lead concentration of maternal and cord blood exposed to the ambient air lead]
• [Risk of abnormal lead absorption in glass decoration workers]
• [Study of lipid peroxidation on brain of rat offspring exposed to lead]
• [Study on DNA damage and proliferation of testicular cells with lead exposed]
• [Study on the effect of lead on thyroid function in embryo rats and on neurobehavior development of newborn mice]
• [The Ebselen of intervention effect for pregnancy lead load]
• [The effect of fluoride-arsenic exposure on the macroelements in serum of rats' offspring]
• [The effect of pearl abstract on tissue burden of lead in young rats and rat fetus exposed to lead]
• [Variety trend and affect factors analysis on blood lead level of pregnant women and infants]
• A case-control study of parental occupational lead exposure and strabismus.
• A case-control study of parental occupational lead exposure and strabismus.
• A comparative study on AmphiRACK1 gene expression in normal and lithium-treated amphioxus.
• A comparison of the early embryo effects of ethanol 1,1,1-trichloroethane, atrazine, 2,4-D, methyl mercury, lead and 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
• A fine-grained analysis of lead (Pb) effects in a delayed spatial alternation task: assessment of mnemonic effects, side bias, and proactive interference.
• A longitudinal study of lead mobilization during pregnancy: concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood.
• A mathematical formula for characterizing maternal contributions to fetal tissue lead.
• A Pilot Study Of Neurobehavioral Deficits Among Offspring Of Lead-exposed Workers.
• A study of embryotoxicity and teratogenesis of spurious lipsticks chemicals in the chick embryo.
• Acute and chronic effects of lead on long-term potentiation at mossy fiber-CA3 (MF-CA3) and Schaffer collateral-CA1 (SC-CA1) synapses in rat hippocampal slices.
• Acute lead exposure triggers neuronal apoptosis in the developing mouse brain.
• Adverse effects of environmental chemicals on the outcome of human pregnancy.
• Alteration of brain proteins on inorganic lead (Pb) induced neurotoxicity in chick embryo.
• Alteration of brain thyroxine concentrations in postnatal rats following maternal exposure to lead (Pb): role of the choroid plexus.
• Alterations in protein kinase C in the brain of chronic lead-exposed rats.
• Alterations in the regulation of retinal dopamine content and release following lead exposure during development.
• Alterations of striatal monoamine metabolites in young rats following pre- and postnatal lead exposure.
• Altered neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of lead-exposed rats: preliminary findings.
• An analysis of response patterns sheds light on the basis of impaired reversal learning in rats chronically exposed to low levels of lead (Pb).
• An unusual case of in-utero lead exposure.
• Analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies on the neurobehavioral effects of lead.
• Analysis of the drinking water of mothers of neural tube defect infants and of normal infants for 14 selected trace elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).
• Analysis Of The Morphological Changes Induced By Ingestion Of Lead In The Reproductive Tract Of The Rat.
• Analytic study to evaluate associations between hazardous waste sites and birth defects--final report.
• Animal models for assessing developmental toxicity.
• Application of the whole embryo culture system in screening industrial teratogens.
• Assessment of reproductive risk at work.
• Assessment of the developmental toxicity of lead using FETAX.
• Association of perinatal cocaine with lead and tobacco exposure.
• Astroglial cultures from lead-treated rat pups: glutathione levels and glutathione-S-transferase activity.
• Attentional and mnemonic effects of low-level lead (Pb) exposure.
• Auditory system processing in monkeys: behavioral and electrophysiologic effects of lead exposure.
• Behavioral teratogenicity of methylmercury and lead is expressed in acquisition and maintenance of operant behavior under concurrent schedules.
• Behavioral toxicology of lead in larvae of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus.
• Bill malformations in double-crested cormorants with low exposure to organochlorines.
• Biologic markers in reproductive toxicology.
• Biological Markers Of Fetal Lead Exposure At Each Stage Of Pregnancy.
• Biological monitoring of arsenic, lead and cadmium in occupationally and environmentally exposed pregnant women.
• Biological monitoring of metals in children and pregnant women in Poland.
• Biphasic effect of prenatal blood lead level on brainstem auditory evoked response in children at five years.
• Blood alcohol and lead levels in gestation day 18 Swiss Webster mouse fetuses following prenatal exposure.
• Blood Lead Changes during First Two Years of Life in the Infants Born to Women with High Lead Concentration.
• Blood Lead Changes During Pregnancy And Postpartum With Calcium Supplementation.
• Blood Lead Concentration During Pragnancy And The Health Implication To The Mothers And Their Babies.
• Blood lead concentrations and reproductive outcomes in adolescent and adult pregnant women.
• Bone lead drives change in serum lead from prenatal to postpartum period.
• Bone lead stores in adulthood following early developmental lead exposure in the rhesus monkey.
• Brain alterations in fetal, juvenile, and pregnant guinea pigs exposed to low levels of inorganic lead.
• Brainstem auditory evoked response and prenatal lead exposure: persistent effect of mid-pregnancy maternal lead at 5 years.
• Cadmium and lead in common terns (Aves: Sterna hirundo): relationship between levels in parents and eggs.
• Cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, and cesium-137 concentrations in blood, urine, or placenta from mothers and newborns living in arctic areas of Russia and Norway.
• Calcium EDTA and DMSA chelation of a neonate with congenital lead intoxication.
• Cardiovascular malformations and prenatal environmental exposures.
• Change in maternal blood lead level during pregnancy and fetal exposure.
• Characterization of kidney sulfotransferases during lead-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
• Chemical-induced alterations of sexual differentiation: a review of effects in humans and rodents.
• Chick embryo limb bud cultures as potential screens for skeletal toxicants.
• Childhood lead exposure decreases adult gray matter volume.
• Cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation of long-term explicit memory are altered by chronic low-level lead exposure.
• Chronic developmental lead (Pb) exposure increases phosphorylated forms of rat hippocampal protein kinase C (PKC).
• Chronic dosing study to assess health and reproductive effects of tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot on game-farm mallards.
• Chronic exposure to inorganic lead modifies PKC activity in the developing rat hippocampus.
• Chronic exposure to inorganic lead modifies protein kinase C activity and the distribution of some of its isozymes in the developing rat hippocampus.
• Chronic exposure to inorganic lead modifies the development of alpha (alpha), betaII (betaII), and gamma (gamma) protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in the rat hippocampus.
• Chronic post-weaning lead (Pb) exposure impairs performance on a delayed alternation task.
• Cincinnati Children's Environmental Health Center.
• Cognitive effects in lead exposed children from urban areas in the region Lagunera, Mexico.
• Combined exchange transfusion and chelation therapy for neonatal lead poisoning.
• Comparative effects of essential and nonessential metals on preimplantation mouse embryo development.
• Comparative toxicities of trace metals on embryos of the giant clam, Tridacna derasa.
• Comparison of low-level lead effects on astroglia exposed in vivo or in vitro.
• Comparison of the placental transfer of organic mercury (O-Hg), inorganic mercury (I-Hg), cadmium (CD) and lead (Pb) in healthy pregnant women.
• Comparison Of Whole Blood And Plasma Lead As Biomarkers Of Prenatal Low-Level Lead Exposure And Its Effect On Birth Weight.
• Consequences of lead exposure of rats during pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning. A combined behavioural and neurotoxicological study.
• Contaminant levels of osprey eggs and prey reflect regional differences in reproductive success.
• Contaminants in American alligator eggs from Lake Apopka, Lake Griffin, and Lake Okeechobee, Florida.
• Contents and localization of heavy metals in human placentae.
• Contribution Of Early Lead Exposure And Prenatal Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) To Adhd-Like Behaviors In Childhood.
• Contribution of lead in wine to increased risk for fetal developmental neurotoxicity.
• Contribution of maternal radionuclide burdens to prenatal radiation doses: interim recommendations.
• Control of occupational hazards for pregnant industrial workers.
• Correlation of maternal and child blood lead concentrations.
• Decrease in birth weight in relation to maternal bone lead burden.
• Delayed visual maturation is not from lead pollution.
• Depressed serum erythropoietin (EPO) in pregnant women with elevated blood lead (BPb).
• Detection of fetal exposure to pesticides & heavy metals by meconium analysis and its fetal effects.
• Detection of fetal exposure to pesticides & heavy metals by meconium analysis and its fetal outcome.
• Determination of lead and cadmium in placenta, umbilical cord blood and maternal blood using pulse differential polarography.
• Determination of some elements in erythrocytes and placenta in upper Silesia (Poland) using ICP-MS.
• Developmental delay and partial demasculinization in male rats treated with lead in a lifetime exposure model.
• Developmental effects of combined lead, mercury and ethanol exposure on neurophysiological processes in rats.
• Developmental expression, phosphorylation and binding activity of CREB in lead exposed rat brain.
• Developmental immunotoxicology assessment in the rat: age, gender and strain considerations.
• Developmental immunotoxicology.
• DEVELOPMENTAL IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY: OVERVIEW OF ISSUES INCLUDING CRITICAL WINDOWS OF DEVELOPMENT.
• Developmental lead (Pb) exposure alters expression of nicotinic receptor binding sites in rat brain: autoradiographic studies with (125I)alpha-bungarotoxin and (125I)epibatidine.
• Developmental lead (Pb) exposure fails to disrupt spatial learning in the Morris water maze.
• Developmental lead exposure affects neurochemical and immunohistochemical markers of the rat dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.
• Developmental lead exposure impairs electrical kindling.
• Developmental neurotoxicity evaluation of lead nitrate in Crl:CD Ñ BR VAF/Plus Ñ rats.
• Dietary calcium modifies fetal lead toxicity.
• Different responses to N-methyl-D-aspartate and kainic acid in cerebellar granular cells of lead-exposed pups.
• Differential effects of developmental lead (Pb) exposure on the expression of brain nicotinic receptors in rats.
• Differential immunotoxic effects following lead exposure during early vs. late gestation.
• Disregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in adult male and female rats exposed to lead during the last week of gestation.
• Disrupted reproductive physiology and pubertal growth in rats exposed to lead during different developmental periods.
• Distribution of heavy metals in the eggs and hatchlings of olive ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea, from Gahirmatha, Orissa.
• Distribution of trace elements in egg samples collected near coal power plants.
• Dose-dependent increase of extracellular matrix proteins in skeletal muscle of young rats after pre- and postnatal low level lead exposure.
• Drug induced infertility.
• Early child behavior problems: contributions of exposure to lead and maternal smoking during pregnancy.
• Early lead exposure alters behavioral and electrophysiological indices of auditory processing in the rhesus monkey.
• Early lead exposure alters later consumption of novel liquids in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).
• Early lead exposure and perinatal asphyxia induce long term noxious effects in nitric oxide synthase neurons of neostriatum and cerebral cortex.
• Early lead exposure induces heat shock proteins prior to restore Vim expression in hypertrophic astrocytes.
• Early prenatal and postnatal lead exposure induces astroglial reactivity.
• Effect of chronic exposure to lead on GABA binding in developing rat brain.
• Effect of lead compounds on skeletal development in chick embryos.
• Effect of lead on chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic chick limb cells.
• Effect of lead on muscarine and dopamine receptors in offspring rats.
• Effect of lead on nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production in the developing rat brain.
• Effect Of Maternal Plasma Lead Levels During Pregnancy On Infant Neuro-cognitive Development At Age 24 Months.
• Effect of perinatal lead exposure on the opioid withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent adult rats.
• Effect of prenatal lead exposure on cocaine conditioned place preference in rats.
• Effects of arecoline and scopolamine on open field behavior of adult monkeys treated with lead (Pb) during the first year postpartum.
• Effects of blood lead level and bone lead concentration on maternal blood pressure during pregnancy.
• Effects of chronic lead (Pb) exposure on (35S)TBPS binding in the brain of rats.
• Effects of chronic lead exposure on (3H)MK-801 binding in the brain of rat.
• Effects of chronic lead exposure on hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations in rats.
• Effects of developmental exposure to environmental chemicals on learning and memory performance in monkeys.
• Effects of environmental metal pollution on breeding populations of pied and collared flycatchers in NiepoÈlomice Forest, Southern Poland.
• Effects of heavy metals on chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic chick limb cells.
• Effects of lead exposure on mu-opioid receptor binding kinetics in specific brain regions of developing rats.
• Effects of lead in murine placenta.
• Effects of lead on stimulated growth hormone release during puberty in developmentally exposed rats.
• Effects of lead-contaminated surface water from a trap and skeet range on frog hatching and development.
• Effects of low water pH on lead toxicity to early life stages of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
• Effects of low-level lead (Pb) exposure on reaction time and learning rate in a visual discrimination task: evidence for the specificity of the impairment.
• Effects of maternal smoking on placental trace element content.
• Effects of metal exposure on brain development.
• Effects of metals on male reproductive outcomes.
• Effects of pollutants on human prenatal and postnatal growth: noise, lead, polychlorobiphenyl compounds, and toxic wastes.
• Effects of postnatal or postnatal and chronic lead (Pb) treatment on delayed spatial alternation (DSA) in rhesus monkeys.
• Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and lead on neuropsychological function using the CANTAB at 10 years.
• Effects of prenatal cocaine, alcohol, and lead exposures, and the home environment on cognitive outcome at nine years.
• Effects of teratogens on urinary dolichol levels.
• Effects Of The Lead (PB) Treatment On The Onset Of Puberty And Follicular Development In Female Rats.
• Effects of workplace hazards on female reproductive health.
• Egg shell quality, clutch size and hatching success of the great tit (Parus major) and the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) in an air pollution gradient.
• Embryo-fetal development as influenced by lead exposure in iron deficient rats.
• Embryonic and larval development of brown trout, Salmo trutta L.: exposure to aluminium, copper, lead or zinc in soft, acid water.
• Embryonic and larval development of brown trout, Salmo trutta L.: exposure to trace metal mixtures in soft water.
• Embryonic windows of increased vulnerability to Pb-induced immunotoxicity during avian development.
• Enduring alterations in response patterns in rats exposed to lead (Pb) during early development: I. two-choice olfactory serial reversal task.
• Enduring alterations in response patterns in rats exposed to lead (Pb) during early development: II. three-choice olfactory serial reversal task and an extra-dimensional shift (EDS).
• Enduring attentional dysfunction following a short period of early postnatal lead exposure: evidence for an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve.
• Enduring attentional effects of early lead (Pb) exposure.
• Environmental and Nutritional Risk Assessment in Reproduction: Lead and Vitamins.
• Environmental contamination effects of inorganic lead and chromium: teratogenic effects on the liver, gills, and stomach of Pondivis reticulata.
• Environmental enrichment reverses cognitive deficits induced by lead.
• Environmental exposure to lead and children's intelligence at blood lead concentrations below 10 micrograms per deciliter.
• Environmental lead exposure and neurodevelopmental outcome in Danish preschool children.
• Environmental toxins and recurrent pregnancy loss.
• Erythrocyte membrane dynamics in albino mice offspring born to females with lead-induced toxicity during pregnancy: a scanning electron microscopic study.
• Essential and non-essential metals in fetuses and infants.
• Estimation of cumulative lead releases (lead flux) from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation.
• Evaluation of succimer chelation in removing lead (Pb) from brain, bone, kidney and blood: effects of treatment duration and body lead burden.
• Evidence of a fall in cord blood lead levels in South Wales 1984-85.
• Experimental Exposure To Lead In BALB/C Mice: Effect On Placental Expression Of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2, 9 And Tissue Inhibitor-2.
• Exposure To Environmental Lead And Thyroid Function In Pregnant Women.
• Exposure to environmental pollutants adversely affects fetal outcome.
• Exposure to lead during development alters aggressive behavior in golden hamsters.
• Exposure to lead in utero produces persistent immune system alterations in Fischer 344 rats.
• Expression Of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2, 9 And Tissue Inhibitor- 2 In Placenta From Women Environmentally Exposed To Lead.
• Factors influencing transfer of lead from mother to child during pregnancy.
• Fetal Lead Exposure At Each Stage Of Pregnancy As A Predictor Of Infant Mental Development.
• Formaldehyde exposure and low birth weight incidence.
• Gender-based differential humoral responses to a foreign versus self antigen after in ovo exposure to lead.
• Gestational and newborn lead exposure alters developing brain ganglioside content.
• GFAP gene expression is altered in young rats following developmental low level lead exposure.
• Health hazard evaluation report HETA 93-1035-2686, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Washington, DC.
• Health-related indicators for the Great Lakes Basin population: numbers 1 to 20.
• Heavy metal toxicity, development, and behavior.
• Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni) concentration in the hair of mothers of preterm and small for gestational age (SGA) infants.
• Heme biosynthesis impairment in children chronically exposed to low doses of lead in a smelter community in Mexico.
• Hippocampal calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II expression is not altered by chronic lead exposure in rats.
• Human health effects of environmental pollutants: new insights.
• Human placental magnesium and the contamination with cadmium and lead of placenta.
• Impact Of Environmental Lead Pollution On Pregnant Females And Their Offsprings.
• Impact of social factors and heavy metal pollution on the incidence of anencephaly at the Eastern coast of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela.
• Improving iron status by delayed umbilical cord clamping eliminates the risk of higher blood lead levels associated with breastfeeding among 6-mo-old Mexican infants.
• In ovo modulation of T cell-dependent immune functions: possible routes of Pb-induced immunotoxicity in chickens.
• In utero exposure to lead modulates Th1/Th2 associated functions and is influenced by gender.
• In utero exposure to low lead level-induced neurodevelopmental effects on infants of 9 months: involvement of monoamine neurotransmitters.
• Increased excretion of alpha2-U-globulin by lead exposure.
• Increased maternal dependence in lead-exposed infants.
• Infant cognitive development: a risk focusing approach.
• Influence of lead on nitric oxide in the developing rat brain.
• Influence of milk formula on kinetics of lead (Pb) body burden during development of Rhesus monkeys.
• Inhibition of rat pituitary growth hormone (GH) release by subclinical levels of lead.
• Inhibition of steroidogenesis in pubertal rats as a result of chronic exposure to dietary lead during development.
• Interaction Of Maternal Bone Lead Levels And Lactation Habits And Its Effect On Infant Blood Lead Levels At Three Months Of Age.
• Interaction Of Maternal Bone Lead Levels And Lactation Habits And Its Effect On Infant Blood Lead Levels.
• Interactions of pre/postnatal lead (Pb) exposure and maternal stress.
• Interventions during individual development of rats affect the behaviour in adulthood: a three-generation study.
• Introduction, implications of long-latency neurotoxicity.
• Investigating the possible teratogenicity of inorganic lead on rat embryos in vitro.
• Issues of human exposure to agents causing developmental toxicity.
• Issues of human exposure to agents causing developmental toxicity.
• Joint effect of gestational age and maternal lead exposure on the psychomotor development of the child at 6 years.
• K X-ray fluorescent measurements of bone lead stores in the adult nonhuman primate following early lead exposure.
• Kinetics of lead during pregnancy, lactation and infant development of Rhesus monkeys.
• Lasting effects of early lead exposure on reactivity to errors, but not omission of reward.
• Lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho.
• Lead alters both calcium homeostasis and energy metabolism in developing neurons: 19F and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study.
• Lead and cadmium accumulation in eggs and fledgling seabirds in the New York Bight.
• Lead and solvent exposure during pregnancy: possible risk of cardiovascular malformations (CVM).
• Lead chelation in the neonate.
• Lead disposition in maternal and fetal swine tissues.
• Lead distribution in iron-deficient rats: I. Lead exposure during the period of organogenesis.
• Lead effects on the auditory system.
• Lead elevates the intracellular calcium ion concentration of neurons: a F-19 nuclear magnetic resonance study of neurons in microcarrier culture.
• Lead exposure alters the GABAergic modulation of attention, motivation, and response proclivity, but the pattern of effects differs according to exposure regimen.
• Lead exposure and central auditory processing in children.
• Lead exposure and early endochondral bone growth.
• Lead exposure and motor functioning in 4 1/2 year old children: the Yugoslavia prospective study.
• Lead exposure before pregnancy reduces birth weight and length.
• Lead exposure during development; effects on hypothalamic neurotransmitters, food consumption and growth.
• Lead Exposures during Pregnancy: Importance of Blood Leads and K-XRF Assessments.
• Lead In Blood Of Albanian Mothers And Newborns.
• Lead Induces Trophic Effects In Embryonic Rat Cerebral Cortical Precursors.
• Lead induction of transcription factors and VEGF expression in human fetal astrocytes.
• Lead inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-ion channel function: a potential target for lead neurotoxicity.
• Lead neurotoxicity: recent findings and their implications.
• Lead poisoning in late pregnancy due to maternal pica.
• Lead screening of pregnant women in New York State: role of a teratogen informatin service.
• Lead toxicity on the oocytes of the teleost Tilapia nilotica.
• Lead, reproduction and development.
• Lead-induced fetal nephrotoxicity in iron-deficient rats.
• Lead-induced impairment of LTP and PPP in hippocampal DG and antagonistic role of zinc.
• Lead-induced malformations and kidney destruction of developing chick embryos.
• Lead: interactions of pregnancy and lactation with lead exposure in rats.
• Lead: male-mediated effects on reproduction and neurodevelopment.
• Learning impairment induced by perinatal exposure to lead in rodents.
• Learning impairment reflected by alteration of NMDA-receptor and GFAP-expression following perinatal lead exposure in the rat hippocampus.
• Legislation on lead: reducing exposure and children's health risks.
• Levels of Hg, Pb and V in brain, kidney, liver and lung of anencephalic fetuses from the Eastern coast of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela.
• Lidocaine inactivation of the caudate nucleus reverses the effect of chronic lead exposure on the expression of response learning in rats.
• Limited effects of heavy metal pollution on foraging and breeding success in the curlew (Numenius arquata).
• Long-term consequences of developmental exposure to lead or polychlorinated biphenyls: synaptic transmission and plasticity in the rodent CNS.
• Long-term effect of developmental lead exposure on the learning and memory of rats.
• Long-term effects of early postnatal lead exposure on extradimensional shift performance.
• Low Level Lead Exposure Alters Acetylcholinesterase Activity In Developing Brain Of Rat.
• Low-level postweaning lead (Pb) exposure: alterations in timing behavior.
• Male-mediated teratogenesis: fact or fiction?
• Maternal and cord blood heavy metals (Pb, Cd) concentrations and the risk of prematurity and delivery of SGA infants.
• Maternal environmental contaminant levels and time to pregnancy in primiparae.
• Maternal ethnicity/race, nutrition, and anthropometry predict neonate's blood lead level.
• Maternal lead (Pb) exposure impairs spatial learning in adult rats.
• Maternal lead toxicity in a suburban county of New York City.
• Maternal occupational exposures during pregnancy and risk of preterm delivery.
• Maternal Thyroid Function And Lead Exposure During Pregnancy And Childhood IQ..
• Maternal-fetal lead poisoning in a convenience store cashier: effects of a 15-year-old bullet.
• Measurements of toxicity and critical stages of development.
• Meconium analysis using AAS for screening the intrauterine exposure to heavy metals in an ecological disaster region.
• Medical and obstetric aspects of reproductive toxicology.
• Mercury and lead exposure during early human life as affected by food and nutritional status.
• Mixed chemicals (MIX): reproduction and fertility assessment in Swiss (CD-1) mice when administered in the drinking water: final study report, volume I of II.
• Molecular mechanisms of developmental lead (Pb2+) neurotoxicity: correlation with deficits in synaptic plasticity and spatial learning.
• Molecular neurochemical mechanisms of lead exposure.
• Morphologic observation of the effect of lead on thyroid gland of pregnant rats.
• Multi-media lead exposure in children: biological basis for an expanded uptake/biokinetic model.
• Neural cell adhesion molecule polysialylation state as an indicator of neural plasticity.
• Neurochemical effects of prenatal lead exposure in guinea pigs.
• Neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the reproductive toxicity of lead in a rat lifetime exposure model.
• Neurotoxic effects of lead on hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons.
• Neurotoxic heavy metals lead and mercury disturb N-cadherin expression in embryonic chick cortical cells.
• Nicotine reverses spatial learning deficits in perinatally lead-exposed rats.
• NMDA receptors in the developing brain: a target for neurotoxicant changes in LTP and learning.
• Occupational exposure and male reproductive dysfunction: a growing concern.
• Parental Lead And Adverse Birth Outcomes.
• Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) for detection of lead in mouse blastocysts.
• Paternal exposure of rabbits to lead: behavioral deficits in offspring.
• Paternal exposure to lead (Pb) alters initial genomic expression in offspring.
• Paternal Occupational Lead Exposure And Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return.
• Pb effects on brain region protein kinase C (PKC) in a neo-natal rat model.
• Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu concentrations in human neonatal bones and livers measured by pulse differential polarography.
• Pediatric lead poisoning: the clinical presentation in individual children with low blood lead levels.
• Perinatal lead exposure alters inositol polyposphate receptor binding in developing rat brain.
• Perinatal lead exposure alters the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in rat brain.
• Perinatal lead exposure in the Roman empire: archeometric evidence from isotope analysis.
• Persistent effect of in utero meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on immune function and lead-induced immunotoxicity.
• Persistent real alterations in children following low-level prenatal lead exposure.
• Persisting effects of chronic developmental lead exposure on rats in the radial-arm maze.
• Pharmacological and behavioral probes to elucidate persisting effects of lead exposure on cognitive performance in rats.
• Plumbism in pregnancy treated with DMSA.
• Postnatal inorganic lead exposure decreases the number of spontaneously active midbrain dopamine neurons and alters the sensitivity of nucleus accumbens neurons to D1 receptor stimulation.
• Predicting blood lead during human pregnancy.
• Pregnancy outcome in an ecologically unfavorable industrial region.
• Pregnancy, pica, pottery, and Pb (lead).
• Prenatal and postnatal chronic exposure to inorganic lead attenuates LTP in the adult rat hippocampus in vivo.
• Prenatal cocaine, anemia, and lead toxicity.
• Prenatal Exposure To Lead And Asthma Respiratory Symptoms In Early Childhood.
• Prenatal lead (Pb) exposure and schizophrenia: methodology for examining the potential relationship.
• Prenatal lead (Pb) exposure and schizophrenia: preliminary findings.
• Prenatal lead exposure alters operant behavior in squirrel monkeys.
• Prenatal lead exposure and bone growth.
• Prenatal lead exposure in a highly polluted area in Kazakhstan: effect on mental development.
• Prenatal Lead Exposure in New York City Immigrant Communities.
• Prenatal lead exposure in rats alters cocaine conditioned place preference.
• Prenatal Lead Exposure, delta-Aminolevulinic Acid, And Schizophrenia.
• Prenatal toxicity of lead monitored via preimplantation rodent embryo culture.
• Prolonged lead exposure prior to mating induces long term effects in hippocampus and cortex of young rats.
• Prospective study of effects of lead exposure on child behavior problems.
• Prospective study of the effects of lead exposure on intelligence at 4 years.
• Reduced ChAT mRNA expression in septum of postnatal rats following perinatal low-level lead exposure.
• Reduction of electroretinogram amplitude in the dark-adapted eye of children associated with prenatal and postnatal blood lead level.
• Regulation of N-cadherin proteolysis in normal and abnormal neural development.
• Relation Of Dietary Nutrient Intake To Lead In Blood, Bone And Breast Milk Among Lactating Women At One-Month Postpartum.
• Relationship of embryotoxicity to genotoxicity of lead nitrate in mice.
• Reproductive allocation in the terrestrial isopods Porcellio scaber and Oniscus asellus in a metal-polluted environment.
• Reproductive and physiological effects of environmental contaminants in fish-eating birds of the Great Lakes: a review of historical trends.
• Reproductive hazards in the workplace.
• Reproductive health hazards in the workplace: guidelines for policy development and implementation.
• Reproductive performance altered by chemical mixture.
• Reproductive risks of heavy metals and pesticides in women.
• Reproductive toxicity and disrupted pubertal growth in rats exposed to lead during different developmental periods.
• Reproductive toxicology - China.
• Reversibility of the effects of inorganic lead (Pb) exposure on body growth in the post-weanling rat.
• Reversibility of the effects of lead on the reproductive performance of female rats.
• Review of experimental male-mediated behavioral and neurochemical disorders & preliminary report of feasibility study using rabbits to detect lead-induced deficits.
• Rod photoreceptor cell apoptosis in developmentally lead-exposed animals: mechanisms and cytoprotection.
• Selective toxicity to central serotonergic nervous system in prenatally and postnatally lead-exposed rats.
• Semen Parameters In Men Exposed To Lead And Lipid Peroxidation.
• Septal cholinergic cell death and reduction in cholinergic innervation of hippocampus in response to perinatal low-level lead exposure.
• Sex-linked heritability of male-mediated effects of lead (Pb).
• Short-term glucocorticoid treatment during chronic lead exposure induces cytoskeleton changes in astrocytes of rat brain.
• Significant fetal exposure to heavy metals as detected by meconium analysis.
• Sources and intensity of lead exposure in children in utero and early childhood from tooth analyses.
• Specific unique susceptibilities of the fetus, infant, and adolescent.
• Specificity of the cognitive dysfunction produced by low-level lead (Pb) exposure.
• Specificity Of The Neuropsychological Effects Of Prenatal Exposure To PCBs, Methylmercury, And Lead On Infant Cognitive Development: Effects Of PBTs On Neuropsychological Function.
• Sperm chromatin structure in men environmentally exposed to lead.
• Study of the toxic effects of lead and mercury in vivo and in vitro by using chicks and cell cultures.
• Succimer chelation normalizes emotion regulation in lead-exposed rats: Evidence from an olfactory conditional association task.
• Succimer chelation significantly ameliorates the lasting cognitive and affective dysfunction produced by early lead exposure in a rodent model.
• Succimer-induced reductions in blood Pb overestimate reductions in brain Pb.
• Suppression of long term potentiation (LTP) by the NMDA antagonist, MK-801, is reduced by developmental lead (Pb) exposure.
• Teratology of heavy metals: mercury and other contaminants.
• Teratology of heavy metals: mercury and other contaminants.
• The ability of glutathione and glutathione-altering agents to modulate brain lead accumulation in the developing rat pup.
• The apparent role of lead in the etiology of neural tube defects (NTD).
• The cause and prevention of human birth defects: what have we learned in the past 50 years?
• The effect of lead on CAMK of rat hippocampal slices.
• The effects of early postnatal lead exposure on selective attention.
• The effects of lead exposure on a human chorio carcinoma cell line BeWo b24, a first step in the development of a embryotoxicity predicting in vitro model.
• The effects of low level lead exposure on ipsilateral and contralateral performance on dichotic listening tasks.
• The effects of low-level lead exposure during different developmental periods on growth, behavioral activity, and spatial discrimination in male Binghamton heterogeneous stock mice.
• The joint impact of cocaine, tobacco and lead exposure on fetal growth.
• The retinal expression pattern and activity of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) are altered during apoptotic rod and bipolar cell death in developmentally lead-exposed rats.
• The role of apoptosis in neurotoxicology.
• The role of dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems in lead-induced learning impairments.
• The role of lead in neural tube defects.
• The Role of Lead Toxicity in Antisocial Behavior.
• The role of lead toxicity in antisocial behavior.
• The use of site-specific data in models for lead risk assessment and risk management.
• The value of behavioral mechanisms in studies of developmental neurotoxicology.
• TNBJ anti-HIV drugs in pregnancy: effects on neurobehavioural development in animal model.
• Toxic effect of lead on human spermatozoa: A study among pigment factory workers.
• Toxic trace elements (TE) can be found in the maternal and fetal compartments.
• Toxicity of metals and low pH to embryos and larvae of the Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum.
• Toxicokinetics of lead in the lactating ewe: variations induced by cadmium and zinc.
• Toxicological aspects of lead: cognitive effects in children and neurochemistry in young albino rats.
• Trace metals and pregnancy outcome in the Czech Republic.
• Transplacental transfer of lead in non-human primates (Macaca fascicularis): use of serially administered stable isotope tracers of lead to elicit contribution of maternal bone lead to blood lead and the fetus.
• Transplacental transfer of lead in the female cynomolgus monkey Macaca fascicularis: maternal and fetal blood and bone lead concentrations following exposure during pregnancy.
• Transplacental transfer of lead in the female cynomolgus monkey Macaca fasicularis: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies utilizing 204Pb and 210Pb.
• Trends in blood lead among urban women during pregnancy.
• Trends in blood-lead among urban women during pregnancy.
• Visual, auditory, and somatosensory function in monkeys exposed developmentally to methylmercury or lead.
• Vulnerability of the male reproductive system to job-related hazards.
• Xenobiotic induced hormonal and associated developmental disorders in marine organisms and related effects in humans: an overview.
• Zinc protects the lead induced testicular damage in albino rats.

ECOTOX Documents

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• LEAD
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• Lead Shot (in French)
• Lead, Powder, -325 Mesh, 99+%
• Lead, Powder, -325 Mesh, 99+% (in French)
• Palladium on calcium carbonate, poisoned with 3.5% lead
• Palladium on calcium carbonate, poisoned with 3.5% lead (in French)

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HSDB® Data Bank

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• Lead ( 7439-92-1)

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Example Content from MEDITEXT for 7439-92-1:

ACUTE EXPOSURE INFORMATION

1. USES: Lead is a soft metal that is used in a variety of industrial processes. It has been used in paint and gasoline, but the use of lead in house paint and gasoline has been outlawed for decades in the United States (US). Folk medications may also contain large amounts of lead salts. Soil may have large amounts of lead contamination from industrial processes or old paint. Some products manufactured outside the US (eg, pottery, jewelry, toys, makeup) may contain lead.

2. TOXICOLOGY: Lead exerts its toxic effects through a variety of mechanisms and effects many organ systems. It binds sulfhydryl groups, impacting various enzymes, receptors and proteins. Lead interferes with metabolic pathways in mitochondria, and in systems that regulate cellular energy and metabolism. It causes activation/inactivation of many enzymes via its competing effects with other cations, notably calcium, ferrous iron, and zinc. Lead inhibits several enzymes involved in heme synthesis, and impairs erythrocyte membrane stability, causing anemia.

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY: There are several thousand cases of lead poisoning reported to poison centers in the US every year. However, severe toxicity is very uncommon and deaths are rare. In children with chronic lead poisoning, ingestion of lead paint chips and dust in older dilapidated housing is the most common source of exposure. Inhalational exposure is the most common cause of adult/occupational lead toxicity.

4. WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
   1. MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: The primary concerns of mild to moderate toxicity from lead exposure in young children are neurodevelopmental, specifically lower intelligence quotient scores and behavioral problems. Population studies suggest that mild cognitive impairment develops at low levels of lead exposure (blood lead concentrations of 10 mcg/dL). Intermittent vomiting, anorexia and abdominal pain may also develop. In mild to moderate exposures in adults, concerns include hypertension, spontaneous abortion and sperm abnormalities, and more subtle neurocognitive effects. Fatigue, mild somnolence, headache, insomnia, abdominal pain, constipation, mild anemia, myalgias and arthralgias, and mild weakness may also develop.
   2. SEVERE TOXICITY: Acute ingestions of very large amounts of lead are rare, but may cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anemia (usually hemolytic), toxic hepatitis, and encephalopathy. In children, severe toxicity manifests as encephalopathy (ie, coma, seizures, ataxia, incoordination, cranial nerve palsies, increased intracranial pressure, bizarre behavior or altered mentation), persistent vomiting, and anemia. More severe subacute or chronic exposures in adults can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, irritability, anorexia, insomnia, weight loss, decreased libido, arthralgias, myalgias, hypertension, crampy abdominal pain, nausea, constipation or diarrhea (less commonly), impaired concentration, headache, diminished visual-motor coordination, tremor, encephalopathy, a peripheral motor neuropathy (especially affecting the upper extremities causing wrist drops), a normochromatic or microcytic anemia (the hallmark of which is basophilic stippling), nephrotoxicity (a reversible acute tubular dysfunction and chronic interstitial fibrosis), hyperuricemia, and associated gout.