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• [Application of the Chinese hamster V79 cell metabolic cooperation assay for screening teratogens and its reliability]
• [Cadmium Biological Effect at chronic exposure within antenatal and postnatal periods of the development or rats]
• [Effect of fluorine, selenium and cadmium on lipid peroxide and microelements in rat's testicle]

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• [Effects of cadmium on male reproductive ability in rat]
• [Enzymology study of toxicity effects of cadmium on rat testis]
• [Ethanol and cadmium in pregnant rats; effect on behaviour of offspring]
• [Hepatic and renal alterations in newborn rats induced by prenatal and early lactational exposure to lead and/or cadmium]
• [Studies on cadmium toxicity in early development of mouse ova]
• [Study on antagonism of manganese to cadmium toxicity in pregnant rats]
• A comparison of metallothionein expression in placental tissue between pregnant smokers and non-smokers.
• A comparison of reproduction, growth and acute toxicity in two populations of Tubifex tubifex (Müller, 1774) from the North American Great Lakes and Northern Spain.
• A Possible Role For beta-Catenin In Cadmium Teratogenesis.
• A retrospective epidemiological and prospective histological, ultrastructural and analytical investigation of the effects of occupational exposure to cadmium on pregnancy outcome in female nickel-cadmium battery workers.
• A Toxicogenomic Approach to Assess p53-Dependency of Methyl Mercury and Cadmium Induced Cell Cycle Alterations.
• Abnormal palatal rugae in mouse fetuses with exencephaly.
• Alteration of cellular defense mechanisms by cadmium in human trophoblast cells.
• Altered patterns of pads and gene expression in the mouse limb by acetazolamide and cadmium.
• Amelioration of cadmium teratogenicity by dithiocarbamates.
• Analysis of palatogenesis in the mouse with exencephaly (II).
• Analysis of palatogenesis in the mouse with exencephaly induced by cadmium chloride.
• Analysis of the drinking water of mothers of neural tube defect infants and of normal infants for 14 selected trace elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).
• Analytic study to evaluate associations between hazardous waste sites and birth defects--final report.
• Application of the whole embryo culture system in screening industrial teratogens.
• Bill malformations in double-crested cormorants with low exposure to organochlorines.
• Biologic markers in reproductive toxicology.
• Biological monitoring of arsenic, lead and cadmium in occupationally and environmentally exposed pregnant women.
• Biological monitoring of metals in children and pregnant women in Poland.
• Cadmium (Cd) and metallothionein (MT) content of normal human placenta and in rats placentas and offspring given Cd during gestation.
• Cadmium absorption and its relationship to divalent metal transporter-1 in the pregnant rat.
• Cadmium and lead in common terns (Aves: Sterna hirundo): relationship between levels in parents and eggs.
• Cadmium causes disruption of microfilaments in the rat Sertoli cells in vivo.
• Cadmium causes stage-specific damage in the seminiferous epithelium.
• Cadmium delays growth hormone expression during rainbow trout development.
• Cadmium disposition following repeated exposure in the pregnant hamster.
• Cadmium effects on the female reproductive tract.
• Cadmium fails to induce tolerance to heat in mouse embryos in vitro.
• Cadmium influencing at the newborns weight of women living near the "Trepca" lead smelter in Kosovska Mitrovica.
• Cadmium levels in maternal, cord and newborn blood in Mexico city newborns.
• Cadmium teratogenicity and expression of the metallothionein genes in the midgestation mouse embryo.
• Cadmium toxicity in spiked sediment to sea urchin embryos and sperm.
• Cadmium toxicity: energy charge monitoring via magnetic resonance spectroscopy 31P in the perfused human placenta.
• Cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, and cesium-137 concentrations in blood, urine, or placenta from mothers and newborns living in arctic areas of Russia and Norway.
• Cadmium-induced apoptosis in the mouse testis.
• Cadmium-induced cell death in the chick embryo is inhibited by zinc pre-treatment.
• Cadmium-induced inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells in culture is counteracted by zinc.
• Cadmium-induced limb reduction defects in CD-1 mice investigated with a submerged limb bud culture technique.
• Cadmium-induced stress signalling pathways in mouse embryo midbrain cells in micromass culture.
• Cadmium: distribution and impact on reproduction in the female little skate (Raja erinacea).
• Caffeine ameliorates cadmium sulfate-induced forelimb ectrodactyly in C57BL/6J mice.
• Cellular and molecular basis of cadmium-induced deformities in zebrafish embryos.
• Cellular mechanisms of cadmium embryonic toxicity.
• Changes in activity of certain enzymes in sea urchin embryos and larvae after exposure of adult organisms to heavy metals.
• Characteristics of the limb malformations induced by maternal exposure to cadmium in the mouse.
• Chick embryo limb bud cultures as potential screens for skeletal toxicants.
• Chlorpromazine teratogenicity and failure of that calmodulin inhibitor to protect against the developmental toxicity of cadmium in mice.
• Combined effects of temperature and cadmium on developmental parameters and biomarker responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.
• Comparative developmental toxicity of metals to embryo-larval stages of aquatic organisms.
• Comparative effects of essential and nonessential metals on preimplantation mouse embryo development.
• Comparative Pathogenesis of Cadmium- and/or All-trans Retinoic Acid- Induced Postaxial Forelimb Ectrodactyly in the C57BL/6 Mouse.
• Comparative toxicities of trace metals on embryos of the giant clam, Tridacna derasa.
• Comparison of the placental transfer of organic mercury (O-Hg), inorganic mercury (I-Hg), cadmium (CD) and lead (Pb) in healthy pregnant women.
• Contaminants in American alligator eggs from Lake Apopka, Lake Griffin, and Lake Okeechobee, Florida.
• Contents and localization of heavy metals in human placentae.
• Critical periods of exposure and developmental outcome.
• Decrease in Beta-Casein and Alpha-Lactalbumin Gene Expression in the Mammary Glands of Cadmium Treated Mice During Lactation.
• Deformities in the menta of chironomid larvae from the Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario.
• Detection of fetal exposure to pesticides & heavy metals by meconium analysis and its fetal effects.
• Detection of fetal exposure to pesticides & heavy metals by meconium analysis and its fetal outcome.
• Determination of lead and cadmium in placenta, umbilical cord blood and maternal blood using pulse differential polarography.
• Developmental immunotoxicology.
• Developmental toxicity of cadmium in protein malnourished rats.
• Dideoxyinosine (ddI) and cadmium (Cd) affect growth rate and hormone production in human trophoblast cells (JAr).
• Differential Impact of Cadmium on Gene Expression During Neuralation in the C57BL/6 and SWV.
• Differentiation of rat hepatocytes during cadmium uptake.
• Distribution of cadmium and its influence on the growth of offspring after an experimental application to female rabbits.
• Distribution of heavy metals in the eggs and hatchlings of olive ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea, from Gahirmatha, Orissa.
• Distribution of trace elements in egg samples collected near coal power plants.
• Drosophila melanogaster embryo cultures: an in vitro teratogen assay.
• Drug induced infertility.
• Early cadmium exposure and brain lipids - possible myelin deficits in developmental cadmium neurotoxicity.
• Early induction of metallothionein (MT) in the human term placenta perfused with cadmium.
• Effect Of Ascorbic Acid Supplementation On Testicular Steroidogenesis And Germ Cell Death In Cadmium Treated Male Rats.
• Effect of cadmium on the bone formation in cultured fetal rat calvaria.
• Effect of cadmium on the embryos and juveniles of a tropical freshwater snail, Physa acuta (Draparnaud, 1805).
• Effect of elevated placental cadmium (Cd) concentrations on birthweight (BW) in non-smoking women.
• Effect of metallothionein on cadmium accumulation in fetus.
• Effect of oral exposure of cadmium during gestation and lactation on mammary transfer of iron.
• Effect Of Prenatal Exposure Of Cadmium Ions On The Indexes Of Bioimpedance In Adult Rat Offspring In Basic Organs.
• Effects of cadmium on human trophoblastic cells in vitro.
• Effects of environmental metal pollution on breeding populations of pied and collared flycatchers in NiepoÈlomice Forest, Southern Poland.
• Effects of glutathione and its relative compounds on teratogenicity of 5-fluorouracil or cadmium hydrochloride in mice.
• Effects of glutathione and related compounds on teratogenicity of 5-fluorouracil or cadmium hydrochloride in mice.
• Effects of glutathione on teratogenicity of cadmium in mice.
• Effects of heavy metals on chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic chick limb cells.
• Effects of heavy metals on chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic chick limb cells.
• Effects of metals on male reproductive outcomes.
• Effects of methyl mercury and cadmium on stress signaling and ubiquitination pathways in a primary Sertoli cell-gonocyte co-culture system.
• Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on teratogenicity of cadmium in mice.
• Effects of N-acetylcysteine on teratogenicity of cadmium hydrochloride in mice.
• Effects of N-acetylcysteine on teratogenicity of cadmium hydrochloride in mice.
• Effects of N-acetylcysteine on teratogenicity of cadmium hydrochloride in mice: 3.
• Effects Of Prenatal Exposure Of Cadmium Ions On Free Radical Processes And Mitochondrial Enzymes Activity In Adult Rat Offspring.
• Effects of teratogenic concentrations of Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Cu2+ in FETAX assays on metallothionein (MT) and MT-mRNA contents of Xenopus laevis embryos.
• Effects of toxic compounds on olfaction.
• Effects of toxicants on developing oocytes and embryos of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.
• Essential and non-essential metals in fetuses and infants.
• Examination of Cadmium-Induced Cell Cycle Alterations and Apoptosis in C57BL/6 and SWV Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts.
• Exposure to environmental pollutants adversely affects fetal outcome.
• Expression and regulation of the metallothionein genes during development of the preimplantation mouse embryo.
• Fatty Acid Composition In Milk Of Cadmium Exposed Lactating Rats And In Brain Of The Suckling Offspring.
• Genetic control of the differential sensitivities of the SWV and C57BL/6 mouse strains to cadmium-induced teratogenicity.
• Genetic differentiation between populations of Orchesella cincta (Collembola) from heavy metal contaminated sites.
• Glutathione ameliorates cadmium toxicity in mouse preimplantation embryos.
• Glutathione depletion and reproductive success.
• Heavy metal content in liver and kidneys of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in various life stages correlated with metallothionein levels: some metal-binding characteristics of this protein.
• Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni) concentration in the hair of mothers of preterm and small for gestational age (SGA) infants.
• Human placenta and embryonic nutrition: importance of environmental and social factors.
• Human placental magnesium and the contamination with cadmium and lead of placenta.
• Identification of genetic loci associated with murine strain differences in susceptibility to cadmium-induced limb malformations.
• Immunotoxic effects of cadmium in F1 and F2 generation.
• Impacts Of Cadmium On Reproduction In Fathead Minnows Exposed During Embryo, Larval And Adult Life Stages.
• Incidence and impact of axial malformations in larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) developing in sites polluted by a coal-burning power plant.
• Indirect evidence for the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the toxicity of cadmium in mouse embryo limb bud cell culture.
• Interspecies comparison of A/D ratios: mouse.
• Interventions during individual development of rats affect the behaviour in adulthood: a three-generation study.
• Issues of human exposure to agents causing developmental toxicity.
• Issues of human exposure to agents causing developmental toxicity.
• Lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho.
• Lead and cadmium accumulation in eggs and fledgling seabirds in the New York Bight.
• Limb bud cell culture for in vitro teratogen screening: validation study for metals and related compounds.
• Limited effects of heavy metal pollution on foraging and breeding success in the curlew (Numenius arquata).
• Lipid peroxidation induced by administration of cadmium to female mice in their pups.
• Male fertility as affected by cadmium: immunocontraceptive potential.
• Maternal and cord blood heavy metals (Pb, Cd) concentrations and the risk of prematurity and delivery of SGA infants.
• Maternal and developmental toxicity of cadmium in metallothionein-I and -II null mice.
• Maternal Environmental Cadmium Exposure And Infant Growth.
• Maternal environmental contaminant levels and time to pregnancy in primiparae.
• Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the deposition of fibrin-type fibrinoid.
• Maternal transfer of cadmium tolerance in larval Oreochromis mossambicus.
• Meconium analysis using AAS for screening the intrauterine exposure to heavy metals in an ecological disaster region.
• Metal-Induced Toxicogenomic Response in Resistant and Sensitive Mouse Strains Undergoing Neurulation.
• Metallothionein expression during early development of the Mollusc Crassostrea virginica.
• Metallothionein localization in the first trimester human placenta: induction by cadmium.
• Microarray Analyses of Murine Limb Bud Components Exposed to Ectrodactyly Inducing Regimens of Cadmium or Acetazolamide.
• Mixed chemicals (MIX): reproduction and fertility assessment in Swiss (CD-1) mice when administered in the drinking water: final study report, volume I of II.
• Occupational exposure and male reproductive dysfunction: a growing concern.
• Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu concentrations in human neonatal bones and livers measured by pulse differential polarography.
• Pituitary response to cadmium during the early development of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus).
• Placental toxicology--retinoids and cadmium.
• Possible altered mineral metabolism in human anencephalic fetuses.
• Prenatal CdCl2 exposure: alteration in learning and behavior of rat pups.
• Prenatal nicotine exposure: biochemical and neuroendocrine bases of behavioral dysfunction.
• Presumptive sub-threshold doses of two teratogens, all-trans-retinoic acid and cadmium, combine to exceed the threshold for the induction of forelimb ectrodactyly in the C57BL/6N mouse.
• Prevention of cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in mice.
• Prevention of cleft palate induced by cortisone acetate or 6-aminonicotinamide in exencephalic mouse fetuses.
• Protection from cadmium teratogenicity in the chick embryo by divalent metallic cations.
• Protective effect of ethanol, administered to pregnant rats, on learning and memorizing of a conditioned avoidance reflex in their offsprings, after cadmium intoxication.
• Protective effects of glutathione on teratogenicity of cadmium hydrochloride in mice.
• Proteomics in developmental toxicology.
• Reproductive allocation in the terrestrial isopods Porcellio scaber and Oniscus asellus in a metal-polluted environment.
• Reproductive hazards in the workplace.
• Reproductive impairment of sea urchins upon chronic exposure to cadmium. Part I: effects on gamete quality.
• Reproductive performance altered by chemical mixture.
• Reproductive risks of heavy metals and pesticides in women.
• Reproductive toxicology - China.
• Resistance to heavy metal mixture in Oreochromis niloticus progenies of parents chronically exposed to the same metals.
• Selenium transport in the perfused human placenta in vitro.
• Short-term accumulation of cadmium by embryos, larvae, and adults of an Hawaiian bivalve, Isognomon californicum.
• Significant fetal exposure to heavy metals as detected by meconium analysis.
• Smoking risk factors and clefting: interaction of cadmium and zinc.
• Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of heavy metals in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus.
• Strain differences in heat-induced tolerance to cadmium in mouse embryos in vitro.
• Stress protein synthesis induced in chick embryos by arsenite (As), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd).
• Sublethal Effects of Cadmium on Development in Rana Pipiens.
• Susceptibility of early life stages of Xenopus laevis to cadmium.
• Teratogenic effects of cadmium on rat skin.
• Teratogenic effects of ionizing radiation and chemical substances.
• Teratogenic effects of noise in mice.
• Teratogenic potential of cadmium in the CF-1 mouse.
• Teratogenic responses to cadmium and arsenite: relative sensitivity of C57BL/6 and SWV mice.
• Teratogenicity of metals to chick embryos.
• Teratology of heavy metals: mercury and other contaminants.
• Teratology of heavy metals: mercury and other contaminants.
• The abnormal patterns of volar pads, cell death and gene expression caused by cadmium in mice.
• The combined effects of cadmium chloride and X-rays on 11-day mouse embryos in vivo.
• The distribution of 109Cd(2+) in the chicken embryo after injection into the yolk prior to incubation.
• The distribution of 109Cd2+ in the chicken embryo after injection into the yolk prior to incubation.
• THE EFFECT OF A SINGLE TERATOGENIC DOSE OF CADMIUM ON ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE CHICK ECTODERM.
• The effect of a single teratogenic dose of cadmium on cell proliferation and cell death in the chick embryo.
• The effect of cadmium and zinc on the developing chick embryo.
• The effect of cadmium toxicity on the uterine blood vessels of pregnant rats.
• The effects of cadmium and calcium on frog embryo development.
• The effects of cadmium and zinc on frog embryo development.
• The effects of cadmium on zinc in the pregnant guinea pig.
• The effects of maternal smoking and tobacco composition on placental functional morphology.
• The effects of pulse-exposed cadmium and zinc on embryo hatchability, larval development, and survival of Australian crimson spotted rainbow fish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis).
• The general and reproductive toxicity of the photovoltaic material cadmium telluride (CdTe).
• The influence of cadmium on common carp embryos and larvae.
• The influence of the ultra trace element deficiency (Ni, V, As, Cd, Li, Br, F) on growth, reproduction performance and life expectancy.
• The placenta as a "barrier" to drugs and toxicants.
• The relative sensitivities of different life stages of Isognomon californicum to cadmium toxicity.
• The Role of the JNK Pathway in Cadmium-Induced Teratogenesis in Mouse Embryo Limb Bud Cells.
• The use of microangiography in detecting aberrant vasculature in zebrafish embryos exposed to cadmium.
• The Ventral Body Wall Defect Induced By Cadmium In The Chick Embryo Is An Omphalocoel.
• Toxic effect of zinc smelter effluent to some developmental stages of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus).
• Toxic trace elements (TE) can be found in the maternal and fetal compartments.
• Toxicity and teratogenicity of some metals in chick embryos.
• Toxicokinetics of lead in the lactating ewe: variations induced by cadmium and zinc.
• Trace elements and iron during prenatal development.
• Trace metals and pregnancy outcome in the Czech Republic.
• Variant patterns of mouse palatal rugae.
• Whole genome scan to identify chromosomal loci associated with a strain difference in susceptibility to cadmium-induced forelimb defects.
• Xenobiotic induced hormonal and associated developmental disorders in marine organisms and related effects in humans: an overview.

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Example Content from MEDITEXT for Cadmium:

ACUTE EXPOSURE INFORMATION

1. SOURCES: Heavy metal used in industrial processes. Primarily found in nickel-cadmium batteries, in electroplating, as an alloy, and in some solders.

2. TOXICOLOGY: Interferes with cellular function through a variety of mechanisms, including interfering with protein function and calcium homeostasis.

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Uncommon poisoning and primarily an occupational exposure, although environmental exposures have occurred from foods contaminated with cadmium.

4. WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
   1. ACUTE INHALATIONAL: Cadmium fume fever (caused by inhalation of fumes generated with welding, soldering, or brazing), characterized by cough, fever, chills, wheezing, headache, pleuritic chest pain, myalgias, and sore throat, typically develops 4 to 12 hours following an acute inhalational exposure and resolves within 1 to 2 days. In severe cadmium inhalation, pneumonitis or acute lung injury may develop 24 hours or longer after exposure and may progress to respiratory failure.
   2. ACUTE INGESTION: Ingestion of large amounts usually produces vomiting, diarrhea (which can be hemorrhagic), and abdominal pain. This can progress to hypotension, renal failure, and death. Large overdoses can result in caustic injury to the gastrointestinal tract. Hepatotoxicity is uncommon.
   3. CHRONIC INHALATIONAL: May cause emphysema or pulmonary fibrosis and is associated with lung cancer. Cadmium is considered an IARC class I carcinogen.
   4. CHRONIC INGESTION: Primarily causes bone disease (often termed itai-itai disease) and renal injury. Cadmium accumulates in bones leading to osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and pathologic fractures. Kidney disease primarily manifests as proteinuria and Fanconi syndrome and less often as nephrolithiasis. Neurotoxicity, including peripheral neuropathy, parkinsonism, and anosmia, has been described.