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• [Diseases also during pregnancy are to be treated!]
• [Monitoring of valproate during pregnancy: presentation of a clinical case]
• [Some problems in genetic consulting in obstetrics: drug consumption and irradiation during pregnancy (a review)]

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• [Studies of teratogenic effect of valproate sodium in mice and rats]
• A cost-effective developmental toxicity screen in rats.
• A microarray approach to evaluate the VPA-induced axial skeletal malformations.
• A morphologic basis for valproic acid's embryotoxic action in rats.
• A new animal model for autism: effects of early exposure to sodium valproate in mice.
• A new in vitro screening method for teratogens using human embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells.
• A new model of autism: behavioral markers following pre-and post-natal sodium valproate to balb/c mice.
• A New Model Of Autism: Behavioral Markers Following Pre-And Post-Natal Sodium Valproate To Balb/C Mice.
• Adaptation of postimplantation embryos to culture: membrane lipid synthesis and response to valproate.
• Adverse effects on the embryonic heart: a common mechanism for teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs?
• Alterations in development resulting from nutrient imbalance.
• Alterations in expression domains of developmental genes induced in mouse embryos cultured in the presence of teratogens.
• Alterations in gene expression in posterior neural tube development.
• Alterations in gene expression induced by valproic acid during murine neural tube closure.
• Altered gene expression in mouse embryos exposed to valproic acid.
• Altered gene expression patterns to predict and understand chemical teratogenesis.
• Amelioration of valproic acid (VPA)-induced exencephaly in mouse fetuses: critical dose and timing of folinic acid (FA) supplementation.
• Amphibian embryo culture in-vitro: an embryotoxicity assay with Ambystoma mexicanum as alternative for the investigation of teratogens.
• An animal model of autism expresses behavioral and physiological features related to abnormal serotonergic (5-HT) system.
• An infant both with fetal valproate effects and with apnea and sudden death.
• Antenatal visualization of malformations associated with drugs and chemicals.
• Antiepileptic agents and birth defects.
• Antiphospholipid antibodies: immunology and clinical consequences in pregnancy.
• Assessment of a teratogenic potency using a modified dosing schedule.
• Assessment of the validity of an in vitro teratogenicity test using post- implantation mouse embryos.
• Association of defects in peripheral sensory and parasympathetic ganglia with facial congenital malformation syndromes.
• Carboxylic acid drugs causing birth defects.
• Carnitine and coenzyme A decrease valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice.
• Carnitine co-treatment does not interfere with the absorption or distribution of valproic acid (VPA) in midgestational embryos.
• Cell proliferation, migration and CAM-dependent neurite outgrowth as developmental in vitro endpoints for screening teratogenic potential: application to valproic acid and related analogues of varying potency.
• Changes of intracellular pH in the mouse embryo forlimb bud following administration of valproic acid.
• Chemical hazards and the fetus.
• Chemical structure - teratogenicity relationships in risk assessment of developmental toxicants.
• Chemical structure - teratogenicity relationships in risk assessment of developmental toxicants.
• CHEMICAL TERATOGENESIS VIA INTERACTION WITH NUCLEAR RECEPTORS.
• Closure of the posterior neuropore (PNP) is altered in mouse embryos after in vitro exposure to valproic acid.
• Comparative cardioteratogenic and embryolethal effects of sodium valproate and phenytoin in white leghorn chick embryos.
• Comparison Of Levetiracetam, Valproate And Phenytoin On Steroidogenesis In Porcine Ovarian Follicular Cells.
• Concentration and pH interactions of valproic acid.
• Conditioned taste aversion: a sensitive index of maternal toxicity.
• Congenital Abnormalities In Maternal Epilepsy Treated With Lamotrigine- Valproate Combination: Clinical Assessment Of A Phenotype.
• Congenital anomalies in the offspring of epileptic mothers.
• Congenital anomalies in the offspring of epileptic mothers.
• Continued evaluation of structure-activity relationships in the developmental effects of aliphatic acids in rats.
• Correlation between the Morphological Perturbations and the Hypomethylation of Proteins and DNA in a Sodium Valproate–Induced Teratogenesis Model of Explanted Chick Embryo.
• Current concern to teratologists in Japan.
• Danio rerio embryotoxicity and teratogenicity assay (DRETA) for detecting waterborne embryo-toxicants and teratogens.
• Detecting new teratogens: valproic acid.
• Development of branchial nerves and ganglia in mouse embryos exposed in vitro to valproic acid and 4-en-VPA.
• Developmental and genetic toxicity of short-chain carboxylic acids.
• Developmental Neurogensis Is Highly Sensitive To Low Level Exposures To Neurotoxicants (MeHg, Pb) And Teratogens (VPA).
• Developmental neurotoxicity of trans-2-ene valproic acid compared to valproic acid in rats.
• Developmental toxicity of valproic acid assessed in a sequential culture of hepatocytes and embryos.
• Developmental toxicity of valproic acid: studies with Xenopus.
• Dietary risk factors for neural tube defects.
• Differential screening for regulatory genes involved in murine neural tube closure.
• Dissociation of the teratogenic, anticonvulsant and neurotoxic activity of valproic acid and related compounds based on stereochemical considerations.
• Diurnal variation of folate concentrations in mouse embryo and plasma: the protective effect of folinic acid on valproic-acid-induced teratogenicity is time dependent.
• DMO distribution for determination of pH of embryonic and extraembryonic compartments.
• Does genomic imprinting influence valproic acid teratogenicity?
• Drosophila melanogaster embryo cultures: an in vitro teratogen assay.
• Effect of coadministration of valproic acid (VPA) and folinic acid (FA) on axial skeletal morphogenesis in the TO mouse.
• Effect of concentration and exposure time on valproic acid-induced dysmorphogenesis in cultured embryos.
• Effect of dietary supplementation with folic acid on valproate-induced neural tube defects.
• Effect of folinic acid on valproate-induced neural tube defects in mice treated in vivo or in vitro.
• Effect of valproic acid on mouse brain development.
• Effect of VPA on the expression domain of five developmental genes in early mouse embryos.
• Effects of low sodium concentrations on the development of post-implantation rat embryos in culture and on their sensitivity to anticonvulsants.
• Effects of prenatal valproic acid exposure on early development of the central nervous system.
• Effects of retinoic acid and vitamin-A in fetal retina of mouse.
• Effects of the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid and related substances on developmental processes in hydroids.
• Effects of the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid and related substances on the early development of the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio).
• Effects of valproic acid (VPA) on axial skeleton development and segmental specification.
• Effects of Valproic Acid on Gene Expression in the Rhombencephalon of Day 12 Rat Embryos.
• Effects of valproic acid on gene expression in the rhombencephalon of day 12 rat embryos.
• Effects of valproic acid on the expression of neural cell adhesion molecule during mouse neural tube closure.
• Embryotoxic effects of valproic acid (VPA), 4-en VPA, and 2-en VPA: comparative studies with species of various levels of organisation.
• En Route To Developmental Toxicology In Vitro: Lessons From Gene Expression Responses To Valproic Acid In Embryos And Cell Models.
• Epilepsy in pregnancy: developmental followup of infants.
• Eurap Germany: Seizure Control And Dose Modifications During Pregnancy Under Treatment With Valproate, Carbamazepine And Lamotrigine In Monotherapy - Update 2007.
• Evaluation Of Potential Teratogens In Chick Cardiomyocyte Micromass Cultures As A Prelude To Comparing The Effects On The Differentiation Of Cardiomyocytes In The D3 Embryonic Stem Cell System.
• Evaluation of the teratogenic potential of valproic acid analogues in transgenic Dictyostelium discoideum strains.
• Evidence for an increased risk of birth defects in the offspring of women exposed to valproate during pregnancy: findings from the AED pregnancy registry.
• Evidence of Increased Birth Defects in the Offspring of Women Exposed to Valproate during Pregnancy: Findings from the AED Pregnancy Registry.
• Exaggerated embryonic bradyarrhythmia after exposure to two or more antiepileptic drugs compared to mono exposure.
• Excretion of psychotropic drugs into breast milk.
• Exencephaly induced by valproic acid in the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse, Pdn/Pdn.
• Exogenous Homocystine Augments Sodium Valproate- Induced Exencephaly In Mouse Embryos.
• Expression of Sirt1 is suppressed in mouse embryos exposed to valproic acid.
• Eyeblink conditioning in autism and a developmental rodent model.
• Failure of HSPs to protect against neural tube teratogens.
• Fetal and maternal contributions to differences in valproic acid teratogenicity.
• Fetal malformations and perinatal outcome in 505 pregnancies in epileptic women.
• Fetal Valproate Syndrome (FVS) through the USF Teratogen Information Service.
• Fetal valproate syndrome from minimal in-utero exposure to valproic acid.
• Fish embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of pharmaceuticals, detergents and pesticides regularly detected in sewage treatment plant effluents and surface waters.
• Folate, vitamin B12, inositol or pantothenic acid supplementation exacerbates the frequency of valproic acid induced neural tube defects.
• Folates in reproduction: in vitro studies.
• Folates in reproduction: in vivo studies.
• Gene expression in the teratogenic mechanism of valproic acid.
• Gene-Expression Analysis Of VPA-Induced Skeletal Malformations.
• Genome-wide approach to identifying genes correlated to the developmental toxicity of chemicals.
• Genomic Investigation of Valrpoic Acid Induced developmental Toxicity in the CD-l Mouse.
• HDAC Inhibition on Specific Embryonic Tissues is the Possible Mechanism Inducing VPA and TSA Axial Malformations.
• HDAC-Inhibitors Are Teratogenic In The Mouse.
• High relative frequency of encephaloceles in a South Carolina population.
• Histological examination of the fetal mouse brain following exposure to valproate.
• Histonedeacetylases Are New Molecular Targets Whose Inhibition Can Cause Birth Defects: Evidence From Structure- Activity Relationship Of Valproic Acid Derivatives.
• Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives Of Valproic Acid: Histonedacetylase Inhibition And Pharmacokinetic Profiles In Mice.
• Identification of genes correlated teratogenicity of valproic acid in mice.
• Identification of Genes Correlated to the Teratogenicity of Valproic Acid in Mice.
• Identification of Molecular Targets, Mechanisms and Biomarkers of Valproic Acid Teratogenicity Using A Toxicogenomics Approach.
• Immunohistochemical Identification Of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) And Dendritic Cells (DCs) During Thymus Development Defined By S100 Protein Expression In Balb/C Mice Embryos After Valproic Acid Administration.
• IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY IN TERATOMATA'S AND DEFECTIVE TISSUES OF PREGNANCY OUTCOMES DUE TO SODIUM VALPROATE.
• In utero valproic acid exposure alters HOXA1 expression in the rat embryo: mechanism of teratogenicity and relationship to autism.
• In vitro effects of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) on HOX gene expression in human EC cell line NT2/D1.
• In vitro effects of folate derivatives on valproate-induced neural tube defects in mouse and rat embryos.
• In vitro screening for anticonvulsant-induced teratogenesis: structure-activity relationships in the barbiturate and branched chain carboxylic acid classes.
• Induction of neural cell adhesion molecules by valproic acid and teratogenic VPA-derivatives in F9 teratocarcinoma cells.
• Infant neurobehavioral development following prenatal exposure to valproic acid for the treatment of maternal epilepsy.
• Influence of dietary Zn on sodium valproate and sodium arsenate induced fetotoxicity.
• Inhibition of phenytoin metabolism by carbamazepine and valproic acid.
• Insights gained by examining the association between genes altered by valproic acid and those responsible for neural tube defects in mice.
• Interaction between valproic acid and phenytoin leading to embryonic bradycardia/arrhythmia and an increased risk for ischemia/reperfusion damage.
• Interpretation of teratogenetics.
• Interstimulus interval discrimination conditioning of the eyeblink reflex in a rodent model of autism.
• Intrauterine growth in the offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective multicenter study.
• Intrauterine hemorrhage associated with prenatal valproate exposure.
• Involvement of polycomb homologues in teratogenicity of valproic acid on the axial skeleton in mice.
• Involvement of protein kinase C in the antiproliferative action of the valproate teratogen.
• Is methionine deficient state a teratogenic factor of valproate (VPA)-induced spina bifida in mice?
• Is the developing brain protected from chemical insults?: Studies focusing on fetal and neonatal brains.
• Isolated defects caused by human teratogens.
• Joint actions of developmental toxicants.
• Lack of amelioration of valproic acid-induced embryotoxicity by pantothenic acid in vitro.
• Lack of amelioration of valproic acid-induced embryotoxicity by TTI in vitro.
• Lack of attenuation of valproate-induced neural tube defects by folinic acid in rat embryos in vitro.
• Lack of attenuation of valproic acid-induced embryotoxicity by compounds involved in one-carbon transfer reactions.
• Lack of attenuation of valproic acid-induced embryotoxicity by compounds involved in one-carbon transfer reactions.
• Lack of concordance between heat shock proteins and the development of tolerance to teratogen-induced neural tube defects.
• Lessons from human teratogens: valproic acid.
• Malformations induced in vitro by VPA and two unsaturated metabolites in 8.5 days old mouse embryos.
• Malformations of the joints and bones induced by valproic acid in the mouse fetuses.
• Maternal exposure to 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHXA), 2-ethylhexanol (EHXO), and valproic acid (VPA) results in alterations in maternal and embryonic zinc status.
• Maternal Immune Stimulation Reduces Valproic Acid Induced Neural Tube Defects.
• Maternal valproate in pregnancy and risk of childhood language disorders in a cohort of 81,975 mother–baby pairs.
• Methionine reduces the frequency of resorptions caused by sodium valproate in the pregnant rat.
• Metopic suture fusion in fetal valproate syndrome.
• Microarray analysis of chemically induced developmental toxicity.
• Morphological alterations induced by sodium valproate on somites and spinal nerves on rat embryos.
• Morphological alterations induced by sodium valproate on somites and spinal nerves on rat embryos.
• Morphology and function in an animal model of autism.
• Mouse whole-embryo culture in serum diluted with Waymouth medium: a study of valproic acid teratogenicity.
• MTHFR genotype, malformations and neurodevelopment in the fetal valproate, carbamazepine and hydantoin syndromes.
• Myo-Inositol Enhances Teratogenicity of Valproic Acid in Mouse.
• Myo-Inositol Enhances The Reproductive Toxicity Of Valproic Acid In Mouse.
• Nasal airway obstruction after exposure to valproic acid in utero.
• Neonatal hypoglycaemia after exposure in utero to valproate.
• Neural tube defects (NTD) in TO mouse: effect of folinic acid (FA) supplementation on valproic acid (VPA)-induced exencephaly.
• Neural tube defects (NTD) in TO mouse: effect of folinic acid (FA) supplementation on valproic acid (VPA)-induced exencephaly.
• Neural tube defects in curly tail mice: effect of maternal administration of sodium valproate.
• Neural tube defects induced in rat embryos in vivo by exposure to valproic acid (VPA).
• Neurological development of infants born to mothers with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME).
• Neurological disease and epilepsy.
• Optimizing the experimental design of the FETAX assay.
• Outcome of pregnancy associated with AEDs - an anthropometric and psychomotor assessment at birth and follow-up at three years.
• Pantothenic acid decreases valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice.
• Pathogenesis of valproic acid-induced spina bifida occulta.
• Pathogenetic mechanism of sodium valproate (VPA)-induced augmentation of exencephaly in TO mouse fetuses.
• Pax-1 in somite development and teratogenesis.
• Pharmacokinetic aspects of drug teratogenesis: species differences and structure-activity relationships of the anticonvulsant valproic acid.
• Pharmacokinetics and teratogenicity with special drug application techniques: dermal administration, intra uterina and continuous subcutaneous infusion.
• Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, placental transfer and fetal effects of valproic acid in pregnant sheep.
• Placental transfer of drugs and fetal risks.
• Polycomb homologues are involved in the malformation of mouse anteroposterior patterning induced by valproic acid.
• Population-based birth-defect and risk-factor surveillance: data from the Northern Netherlands.
• Potential mechanistic differences between teratogens in the pathogenesis of environmentally induced neural tube defects.
• Preaxial ray reduction defects valproate exposure during pregnancy.
• Pregnancy Outcome After In-Utero Exposure to Valproic Acid: A Prospective Controlled Cohort Study.
• Pregnancy outcomes in epileptic women followed prospectively.
• Prenatal exposure to valproic acid and closed neural tube defects.
• Prenatal valproate (VPA) alters cocaine toxicity in rats.
• Prenatal valproic acid (VPA) exposure alters seizure susceptibility in rats.
• Prenatal valproic acid (VPA): neurobehavioral and PTZ-induced seizure development.
• Prescribing psychotropic drugs for pregnant patients.
• Prevention of neural tube defects.
• Prevention of valproate (VPA)-induced neural tube defects (NTD) by L-homocysteine (HC) in mouse embryos.
• Primary and secondary zinc deficiency as factors underlying abnormal CNS development.
• Proteomics in developmental toxicology.
• Relationship Between Axial Skeletal Malformations And Specific Hdac Inhibition On Somite And Caudal Neural Tube Tissues Induced By VPA And TSA Exposure In The Mouse.
• Risk factors for limb reduction defects: review of the epidemiological evidence.
• Risk for Children Exposed Prenatally to Valproic Acid.
• Risk of malformation and developmental delay in a cohort of children and adults exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero.
• Role of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor- (PPAR ) in valproic acid-induced teratogenicity.
• Role of pH on Valproate-Induced Exencephaly in Mouse Embryos.
• Role of pH on valproate-induced neural tube defects in mouse embryos.
• Role of total radical antioxidant potential in valproate induced congenital malformations.
• S100 Protein Expression In Balb/C Mouse Brain Development After Valproic Acid Administration.
• Screening Methods Using Histone-Deacetylases As Target Structures For The Prediction Of Embryotoxic Potentials: Possibilities And Limitations By Additional Incorporation Of A Metabolisation Module Using S9 Supernatants Demonstrated By Valproic Acid Derivatives.
• Self-selection bias in Teratology Information Service pregnancy outcome studies.
• Sensitivity to valproic acid in the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse.
• Septo-optic dysplasia in a child exposed to valproic acid in utero.
• Similar developmental patterns in murine embryonic response to retinoic acid (RA), valproic acid (VA) and bromoxynil (Br).
• Simulation of valproic acid kinetics in primate and rodent pregnancy by means of physiologically-based models.
• Sodium valproate alters the hormonal control of ovulation and pregnancy.
• Sodium valproate-induced cardiovascular abnormalities in the Jcl:ICR mouse fetus.
• Spina bifidae in maternal carbamazepine exposure cohort data.
• Steric and electronic criteria for teratogenicity of short chain aliphatic acids.
• Structure - teratogenicity relationships of valproic acid and related alpha-branched carboxylic acids.
• Studies of embryonic metabolism of valproic acid and phenytoin in whole rat embryo culture.
• Studies on embryonic metabolism of valproic acid in whole rat embryo culture.
• Supernumerary rib (SNR) length in mice: size distribution, dose response, and correlation with malformations.
• Syndromal trigonocephaly as a cardinal feature of the fetal valproate syndrome: report on two siblings.
• Teratogen induced alterations in gene expression during murine neural tube closure.
• Teratogen ingestion in mothers of infants with aortopulmonary window.
• Teratogenesis and regional changes of intracellular pH (pHi) in the developing mouse forelimb after valproic acid (VPA) administration.
• Teratogenic effects of anti-epileptic drugs.
• Teratogenic effects of Na-valproate in mice and rats at midgestation and at term.
• Teratogenic effects of Na-valproate in mice and rats at midgestation and at term.
• Teratogenic effects of valproic acid in the FETAX system: similarities to effects observed in humans.
• Teratogenic evaluation of anticonvulsants in a population-based Hungarian material.
• Teratogenic potency of valproate analogues evaluated by quantitative estimation of cellular morphology in vitro.
• Teratogenic responses to cadmium and arsenite: relative sensitivity of C57BL/6 and SWV mice.
• Teratogenicity of 2-ene-valproic acid as compared to valproic acid in rats following direct infusion into the A. uterina.
• Teratogenicity of arsenate and valproate is enhanced in mice lacking folate binding protein-2 (Folbp2).
• Teratogenomic approach to identifying the genes correlated with valproic acid-induced teratogenicity in NMRI mice.
• The amino acid methionine reduces the valproic acid-induced spina bifida rate in the mouse.
• The cause and prevention of human birth defects: what have we learned in the past 50 years?
• The change of EEG by valproate administration in El mice.
• The effect of antiepileptic drugs on mineralization in the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1.
• The effect of zinc on spina bifida produced by GABA agonists in the rat.
• The Effects Of A Single Teratogenic Dose Of Valproic Acid On Plasma Zinc Concentration In The Females Rat.
• The effects of antiepileptic drug exposure in utero to neurological and cognitive functioning of children of school age.
• The effects of carnitine on the in vitro and in vivo developmental toxicity of valproic acid.
• The effects of valproic acid and captopril on rat embryo development in vitro.
• The Effects of Valproic Acid on the Outcome of Pregnancy: A Prospective Study.
• The expression of limb pattern formation genes in the pathogenesis of drug-induced postaxial ectrodactyly.
• The in vitro evaluation of cross-species stereoselective dysmorphology of the enantiomers of the valproic acid analogue 2-N-propyl-4-pentynoic acid (4-yn-VPA).
• The in vitro evaluation of the stereoselective teratogenicity of the enantiomersof the valproic acid analogue 2-n-propyl-4-pentynoic acid (4-yn-VPA).
• The interpretation of results from teratology and reproductive toxicity tests including comments on the new draft guidelines.
• The loss of polarizing activity as a potential mechanism of teratogenic activity.
• The mouse as a model to investigate neurobehavioral effects from prenatal exposure to prescription medications.
• The role of pharmacoepidemiology in pharmacovigilance: rational drug use in pregnancy.
• The structural basis of valproic acid teratogenesis: aspects of chirality and development of novel antiepileptic drugs.
• The use of rat embryo culture in reproductive toxicity testing.
• The use of rat embryo culture in reproductive toxicity testing.
• The valproic acid-metabolite E-2-n-propyl-2-pentenoic acid (2-en-VPA) does not induce spina bifida in the mouse.
• Transfer to the embryo and activity of some carboxylic acids structurally related to valproic acid in whole embryos in culture.
• TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODELS GIVE INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS OF VALPROIC ACID-INDUCED NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.
• Two cases of congenital malformations occurring in the offspring of mothers who had taken anticonvulsants.
• Using genetic expression profiling to determine potential reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity.
• USING THE TERATOGENIC POTENTIAL OF VALPROATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER.
• Validity of the Biel water maze for detecting developmentally induced learning impairments.
• Valproate and folate alter homocysteine and methionine metabolism in pregnant mice.
• Valproate exposure during pregnancy causing radial ray reduction defects.
• Valproate Teratogenicity And Epilepsy Syndrome.
• Valproate teratogenicity: data from the Maternal Epilepsy Study.
• Valproate use during pregnancy and spina bifida aperta.
• Valproate, metabolic abnormalities, and vitamin supplementation in pregnancy.
• Valproic acid (VPA): comparison of in vivo/in vitro embryotoxicity in rat embryos.
• Valproic acid alters expression of Hox a1 in rat embryos: a mechanism of teratogenesis?
• Valproic Acid and Maternal Immune Stimulation Alters Fetal Gene Expression.
• Valproic acid exposure and the expression of neural cell adhesion molecule during mouse neural tube closure.
• Valproic acid induced abnormal development of the central nervous system (CNS) of the axolotl: stage-dependent effects.
• Valproic Acid Inhibits Ovulation Of In Vitro Cultured Mouse Follicles.
• Valproic acid lowered vertebrae ossification: usefulness of simple radiological procedure for bone ossification assessment in in vivo teratological studies.
• Valproic acid presenting developmental abnormalities. Scanning electron microscopical study in mouse embryos.
• Valproic acid treatment in rats reproduces the cerebellar anomalies associated with autism.
• Valproic acid-induced alterations in embryonic and adult mitochondria are ameliorated by L-carnitine: implications of a role for glutathione.
• Valproic acid-induced brain damage in rats as a model for autism.
• Valproic acid-induced changes in neural cell adhesion molecule expression during mouse neurulation.
• Valproic acid-induced congenital malformations: clinical and experimental observations.
• Valproic acid-induced effects on the development of Ambystoma mexicanum: an in-vitro-model.
• Valproic acid-induced spina bifida: a mouse model.
• VPA teratogenicity involves the downregulation of Sirt1, a class III histone deacetylase, in the mouse embryo.
• VPA up-regulates Cxxc4, a Dvl inhibitor, in the mouse embryo.
• Whole embryo culture: interpretation of abnormal development in vitro.

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Example Content from MEDITEXT for Valproic acid:

ACUTE EXPOSURE INFORMATION

1. USES: Anticonvulsant for a broad spectrum of seizure disorders. Also used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder, used to treat chronic pain and as prophylaxis for migraine headaches.

2. PHARMACOLOGY: Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels (membrane stabilizing effects). Inhibits T-type calcium channels (excessive conductance causes seizures). Competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) {excitatory} neuroreceptor. Inhibits GABA transaminase, increasing GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) concentrations in the brain.

3. TOXICOLOGY: Causes CNS depression in overdose by extension of the pharmacologic mechanisms. Valproic acid depletes hepatic carnitine stores by forming valproylcarnitine, which inhibits the carnitine transported on the plasma membrane. Fatty acids cannot be metabolized due to lack of carnitine, resulting in chronic fatty liver. Valproic acid also depletes coenzyme A (CoA) stores in the liver by trapping CoA in the mitochondria by the valproic acid beta-oxidation metabolites. Depletion of CoA affects the activation of the carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I), which is needed for incorporating ammonia into the urea cycle, leading to hyperammonemia.

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Poisoning is common with moderate severity.

5. WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
   1. ADVERSE EFFECTS: COMMON: Anorexia, nausea, alopecia, peripheral edema, rash, sedation, weight gain, and teratogenicity. IDIOSYNCRATIC: Pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, hyperammonemia, and encephalopathy.

6. WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
   1. MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Primary effect is CNS depression, generally lethargy and sedation, vomiting and tachycardia.
   2. SEVERE TOXICITY: Patients typically develop more severe CNS depression, coma, miotic pupils, tachycardia, hypotension, QTc prolongation, and respiratory depression following severe poisoning. Seizures and cerebral edema are less common. Laboratory abnormalities may include hypernatremia, hypocalcemia and hyperammonemia. Bone marrow suppression may develop 3 to 5 days after massive overdose, and usually resolves spontaneously. Pancreatitis, acute hepatotoxicity, renal insufficiency, and acute lung injury are uncommon, but have been reported. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy can develop after overdose or therapeutic use. It is characterized by deterioration of mental status (i.e., lethargy, confusion, coma) AND an elevated ammonia concentration; it may also be associated with hepatotoxicity.